3633 Soil and groundwater risks at battery and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle energy retail sites

Overview:

EI 3633 Soil and groundwater risks at battery and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle energy retail sites examines the potential risks to soil and groundwater from the installation, operation and maintenance of electric vehicle (EV) charging and hydrogen fuel cell (FCEV) refuelling infrastructure at energy retail stations. It complements existing safety and engineering standards by focusing specifically on environmental protection during the energy transition.

The publication introduces key infrastructure components such as transformers, underground cabling, battery energy storage systems, hydrogen storage and dispensing systems, and assesses how failures or incidents could lead to contamination. It provides detailed contaminant profiles, source–pathway–receptor guidance and practical mitigation measures to support site-specific environmental risk assessments and conceptual site models (CSMs).

While the risks associated with EV and hydrogen systems are generally lower than those from conventional fuels, this guide highlights new emerging concerns, including firewater management, dielectric and ionic liquids, and PFAS-containing materials. By addressing these, it supports regulators, designers, operators and contractors in responsibly deploying low-carbon technologies while safeguarding soil and groundwater resources in line with environmental legislation and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.