Oil and gas

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Oil and natural gas remain the world's leading fuels, accounting for nearly 55% of global energy consumption

Oil and natural gas are formed from decaying plant and animal remains that became buried within layers of the earth and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. These two types of fossil fuels have been the world’s primary sources of energy for decades. They have enabled advances in quality of life and in all sectors of the economy, from residential lighting, cooking and heating to transportation and industrial manufacturing. However, the low carbon transition has put the oil and gas industry under pressure as these fuels are two of the main sources of greenhouse gases. The industry is associated with environmental disasters such as oil spills, and the prices of the two fuels – especially oil – are highly volatile with fluctuations directly impacted by political and socioeconomic events. Nevertheless, more than 100 countries currently produce oil and/or natural gas and the two fuels are expected to maintain their importance across the energy sector for many decades to come.

The production of oil and natural gas are often coupled as the two are typically found together in nature. The industry is commonly divided into three main operational sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream sector incorporates the exploration and extraction of crude oil and natural gas reserves, while midstream focuses on transporting and storing the extracted products. The oil and natural gas then reach downstream processing facilities where they are refined, distributed and sold to the end customer. The product that reaches the end customer can take a number of forms including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), petrol, diesel fuel, jet fuel, heating oil, kerosene, asphalt and other petrochemicals. Several trends are currently impacting the future outlook of the oil and gas industry. The use of natural gas has increased across all economic sectors over the last few decades since natural gas – often viewed as a bridge fuel towards a low carbon energy system – burns cleaner than oil or coal for electricity generation. The switch to natural gas is becoming more widespread with the proliferation of the technology to liquify it (to LNG) for transport. Developments in shale gas and oil production have also greatly increased supply in the US, which has had implications in global oil, and increasingly LNG markets. Given a growing world population and continued demand for oil and gas products, discoveries of new deposits and advances in production technology will determine availability of supplies. Developments in carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) will also impact the position of oil and natural gas in the long-term energy mix.

You can further explore the three sectors by clicking the links below:

Learn more about oil and gas extraction by exploring our Energy Insights.

For the latest news and articles on exploration and production read New Energy World.

Explore our dedicated collections on Aviation Fuel, Future of Gas, Road Fuels, Shale Gas and Working Offshore.

What's new?

Agreements signed for three UK floating wind sites

06/12/2023

Together these agreements pave the way for the creation of the North Sea Renewables Grid, a basin-wide green power generation and transmission system ...

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COP28 opens with over $400mn pledged to loss and damage fund

06/12/2023

The setting up of the fund was agreed at last year’s COP27 in Egypt. However, the past year has seen heated debate about the fund’s rules, where it sh...

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Google’s first geothermal project starts up

06/12/2023

The news comes two years after the company announced it would be partnering with clean energy startup Fervo to develop geothermal power at the site ne...

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Green hydrogen and solar power planned for Finnish refinery

06/12/2023

Finland’s Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment has granted Neste nearly €2mn ($2mn) of energy investment aid for heat recovery from the green h...

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Oil and gas industry faces ‘moment of truth’ in energy transition

29/11/2023

The oil and gas sector faces ‘pivotal choices’ about its ‘role in the global energy system amid a worsening climate crisis fuelled in large part by it...

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Events and training

Safety Critical Task Analysis Dec 2023

11/12/2023 - 15/12/2023

A 5-day training course on Human Factors Safety Critical Task Analysis (SCTA). Delegates will be able to facilitate SCTA sessions of their own and kno...

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Maintenance Strategy Fundamentals - March 2024

18/03/2024 - 19/03/2024

In this 2 half-day training course, you will gain the fundamental knowledge and understanding to develop an efficient and effective maintenance plan t...

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Asset Management - March 2024

25/03/2024 - 26/03/2024

This 2 half-day training course will help you to understand the aspects involved in managing physical assets to develop and maintain your own strategi...

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Human Factors Foundation - April 2024

15/04/2024 - 19/04/2024

This 5-day course delivers a comprehensive introduction into human factors for non-specialists. It provides a practical, engaging and interactive back...

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Age and Life Extension of Offshore Structures

16/04/2024 - 18/04/2024

This two half-day online course will give you an understanding of managing ageing and life extension of structures for offshore oil and gas installati...

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Technical guidance publications

The risk of structural failure of decommissioned offshore oil and gas installations worldwide

2023

This document is freely available to all registered users of this site. Log in to view the 'download' button.This short study examines the risks of st...

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Selection, applicability, and use of molecular microbiological methods (MMM) in the oil and gas industry

2023

This good practice guideline focuses on the selection, applicability, and use of molecular microbiological methods (MMM) in the oil and gas (O&G) ...

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Investigation into the risk and impact associated with non-diesel fuel engine vehicles, by type, whilst entering or working within hazardous storage locations (Phase 3)

2023

The Road to Zero sets out a path for zero emissions and ultra-low emission vehicles, clearly setting out a drive for manufacturers to develop and sell...

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Guidelines for the medical and physical fitness requirements of emergency response team members

2023

Produced by the EI's Health Technical Committee (HTC) to provide guidance to occupational physicians working in the international oil and gas industry...

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Medical standards for fitness to wear respiratory protective equipment

2023

This publication was produced by the Energy Institute’s Health Technical Committee (HTC) and will be of primary interest to occupational physici...

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RGU Aberdeen